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National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC)

  • Entidad colectiva
  • 1971-[2010]

The National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC) was an umbrella organization for women’s groups and groups that supported women’s issues in Canada.
In 1970, commissioned by the federal government and chaired by Florence Bird, the Royal Commission on the Status of Women (RCSW) released a report which recognized women’s subordinate place in Canadian Society. The report contained 167 recommendations to strengthen women’s position in Canada. In 1971, the National Ad Hoc Committee on the Status of Women was formed by a group of women determined to see these recommendations implemented in the Canadian Society. Further, they proposed that this large organization would form committees to address key matters of concern, lobby the government for legislative changes and raise public awareness about women’s issues. During the Strategy for Change conference led by Laura Sabia in Toronto in 1972, it was decided that « Ad Hoc » should be dropped from the name, thus the organization became known as the National Action Committee on the Status of Women. Initially, the first thirty groups that made up NAC were mostly based in Toronto, but over time, the number of member groups increased dramatically and represented more of Canada. In fact, in 1977 NAC had approximately 120 member groups registered, 576 groups in 1988, and around 600 in 1996. Membership was diverse in class and politics: “They included many older national women’s organizations, business and professional women, unions, YWCAs, service organizations such as women’s shelters and rape crisis centres, immigrant women’s caucuses in various mixed groups and political parties.” (Rise Up!). The organization became officially bilingual in 1976.

NAC’s structure remained consistent and was volunteer based. NAC was led by an elected president and supported by a number of elected vice presidents, regional representatives and member groups. Approximately every two years there was an election for a new presidential candidate. Over the years, each NAC president brought her own talents, perspective and leadership direction to the organization. Typically, each president served a two-year term, beginning with Lauria Sabia. Subsequent presidents were Grace Hartman, Lorna Marsden, Kay Macpherson, Lynn McDonald, Jean Wood, Doris Anderson, Chavia Hosek, Louise Delude, Lynn Kaye, Judy Rebick, Sunera Thobani, and Joan Grant-Cummings.
Along with the president, the vice-presidents and regional representatives from the NAC Executive made decisions about hiring and office practices and acted as liaisons to member groups. The Executive met throughout the year to provide continuity and direction. NAC was organized in several committees which focused on particular issues including employment, pensions and income security; social services (including child care); violence against women; health and reproductive rights; pornography; visible minority and immigrant women; Indigenous women, etc.

Each year an annual general meeting was held in order to communicate with member groups, assess strategies, plan for actions and campaigns and form committees to effectively organize their voices. Each member group had the opportunity to send a representative to the meeting who could vote on proposed amendments to the Constitution or any motion that was brought forward. Committees responded to issues in their jurisdiction as they arose. Members had the opportunity to join committees, which met during the year, planning and organizing campaigns and report to the AGM.

In order to reach the many member groups, NAC published short newsletters that highlighted current issues and pertinent events. The publication was first called Status of Women News (1973-1985), commonly referred to as Status, and evolved into Memo. The publication became Feminist Action Feministe (1985), and finally Action Now (1990).

The first NAC office was located in Toronto, but as NAC’s membership grew larger and it received more funding from the government, it was decided to open an Ottawa office. Unfortunately, it became expensive to have two offices and therefore in 1995, it was decided that the Ottawa bureau would have to close down. The NAC Toronto office changed location, size and personnel, reflecting financial and organizational pressures.

Funding for NAC was inconsistent, depending on [changing?] federal government policy. The government funding allowed NAC to develop an infrastructure that permitted active but costly participation from the regions (women from every province and territory flew in on a monthly basis for meetings and working committees). There was, however, always a debate in NAC about whether to accept money from the government. On the one hand, it was argued that women pay taxes and have a right to have tax money redistributed to promote their aims and rights. On the other hand, it was argued that NAC needed to be fully independent so that the government could not pull the plug on their movement. NAC did, however, rely heavily on federal funding, which was problematic during its last years of existence. NAC’s core funding from the government was cut in half in 1988, which made membership fees and fundraising campaigns essential to NAC’s survival. By the 2000s, NAC was slowly becoming a less relevant feminist political advocate and has since completely disappeared from Canadian politics (Collier, Cheryl, p.17).

NAC, in its heyday, was instrumental in bringing women’s issues to the forefront of public discussion. NAC identified four issues as priorities when it began in 1972: the right to abortion, childcare, getting coverage for homemakers in the Canada Pension Plan and equal pay. By 1975, International Women’s Year broadened to equal pay for work of equal value, universal childcare, birth control accessibility, the right to abortion services, Family Law Reform, pension rights for homemakers and Indigenous women’s rights. During the 1984 Election, NAC’s efforts secured an unprecedented nationally televised debate on women’s issues. Also in the early 1980's, in reaction to the cutbacks from the Conservative’s federal budget, the Back On Track Campaign encouraged women to voice their disapproval with these detrimental moves to cut funding to essential groups. As well, NAC was vocal in lobbying for legislative and social change including Section 32 (b) of the Indian Act, changes to the Constitution in 1982, and equal pay for work of equal value. Other significant committees were formed and worked on issues like Survival of the Planet, Lesbian Rights, Justice, Immigrant and Visible Minority Women. When under the Immigration Act, domestics, many from Jamaica, were being deported after losing their jobs, NAC fought successfully to stop the deportations. NAC’s members’ efforts were successful also to get, improve and maintain unemployment insurance for women, and maternity and parental benefits as well as to lead the way in developing a coalition to fight free trade. NAC also supported several breakthrough legal cases, including that of Bonnie Robichaud on her complaint of sexual harassment. Bonnie Robichaud’s victory in finding the employer liable for harassment opened the door for many women to complain. NAC also supported Mary Pitawanakwat on her complaint about discrimination on the basis of race in the Secretary of State. It played a significant role in supporting her victory to be reinstated in her position. The beginning of the 90’s was marked by the case of Chantal Daigle and the Ecole Polytechnique Massacre.

Although NAC was not immune to controversy, or internal struggles, it managed to successfully represent hundreds of women’s groups in Canada. NAC became an important voice for women’s groups in Canada in the 70s into the 90s, and played an important role in raising awareness and effecting positive changes for women in Canada. NAC ceased existence in the late 2000s.

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Le Comité national d'action sur le statut de la femme (CNA) est une organisation qui chapeaute les groupes de femmes et les groupes qui soutiennent les questions relatives aux femmes au Canada.
En 1970, à la demande du gouvernement fédéral et sous la présidence de Florence Bird, la Commission royale d'enquête sur le statut de la femme (RCSW) publie un rapport qui reconnaît la place subalterne des femmes dans la société canadienne. Le rapport contient 167 recommandations visant à renforcer la position des femmes au Canada. En 1971, le Comité national ad hoc sur le statut de la femme a été créé par un groupe de femmes déterminées à voir ces recommandations mises en œuvre dans la société canadienne. En outre, elles ont proposé que cette grande organisation forme des comités chargés de traiter les principaux sujets de préoccupation, de faire pression sur le gouvernement pour obtenir des changements législatifs et de sensibiliser le public aux questions relatives aux femmes. Lors de la conférence ""Strategy for Change"" dirigée par Laura Sabia à Toronto en 1972, il a été décidé que le terme ""Ad Hoc"" devait être supprimé du nom de l'organisation, qui est donc devenue le Comité national d'action sur le statut de la femme. Au départ, les trente premiers groupes qui composaient le CNA étaient principalement basés à Toronto, mais au fil du temps, le nombre de groupes membres a augmenté de façon spectaculaire et représentait une plus grande partie du Canada. En fait, en 1977, le CNA comptait environ 120 groupes membres enregistrés, 576 groupes en 1988 et environ 600 en 1996. Les membres étaient diversifiés en termes de classe et de politique : ""Ils comprenaient de nombreuses organisations nationales de femmes plus anciennes, des femmes d'affaires et des professionnelles, des syndicats, des YWCA, des organisations de services telles que des refuges pour femmes et des centres d'aide aux victimes de viol, des caucus de femmes immigrantes dans divers groupes mixtes et des partis politiques. (Rise Up !). L'organisation devient officiellement bilingue en 1976.

La structure du CNA est restée cohérente et repose sur le bénévolat. Le CNA est dirigé par un président élu et soutenu par un certain nombre de vice-présidents élus, de représentants régionaux et de groupes membres. Tous les deux ans environ, une élection était organisée pour désigner un nouveau candidat à la présidence. Au fil des ans, chaque président du CNA a apporté à l'organisation ses propres talents, son propre point de vue et sa propre direction. En règle générale, le mandat de chaque présidente était de deux ans, à commencer par Lauria Sabia. Les présidentes suivantes ont été Grace Hartman, Lorna Marsden, Kay Macpherson, Lynn McDonald, Jean Wood, Doris Anderson, Chavia Hosek, Louise Delude, Lynn Kaye, Judy Rebick, Sunera Thobani et Joan Grant-Cummings.
Aux côtés du président, les vice-présidents et les représentants régionaux de l'exécutif du CNA prennent des décisions concernant le recrutement et les pratiques administratives et assurent la liaison avec les groupes membres. L'exécutif se réunit tout au long de l'année pour assurer la continuité et l'orientation. Le CNA était organisé en plusieurs comités qui se concentraient sur des questions particulières, notamment l'emploi, les pensions et la sécurité du revenu, les services sociaux (y compris les services de garde d'enfants), la violence à l'égard des femmes, la santé et les droits génésiques, la pornographie, les femmes appartenant à une minorité visible et les femmes immigrées, les femmes autochtones, etc.

Chaque année, une assemblée générale annuelle est organisée afin de communiquer avec les groupes membres, d'évaluer les stratégies, de planifier les actions et les campagnes et de former des comités pour organiser efficacement leurs voix. Chaque groupe membre a la possibilité d'envoyer un représentant à l'assemblée, qui peut voter sur les amendements proposés à la Constitution ou sur toute motion présentée. Les commissions répondaient aux questions relevant de leur compétence au fur et à mesure qu'elles se présentaient. Les membres avaient la possibilité de rejoindre des commissions qui se réunissaient au cours de l'année, planifiaient et organisaient des campagnes et présentaient un rapport à l'AGA.

Afin d'atteindre les nombreux groupes de membres, le CNA publiait de courtes lettres d'information qui mettaient en lumière les questions d'actualité et les événements pertinents. La publication s'est d'abord appelée Status of Women News (1973-1985), communément appelée Status, et a évolué pour devenir Memo. La publication est devenue Feminist Action Feministe (1985), et enfin Action Now (1990).

Le premier bureau du CNA est situé à Toronto, mais au fur et à mesure que le nombre de membres du CNA augmente et qu'il reçoit davantage de fonds du gouvernement, il est décidé d'ouvrir un bureau à Ottawa. Malheureusement, il devient coûteux d'avoir deux bureaux et, en 1995, il est décidé de fermer le bureau d'Ottawa. Le bureau du CNA à Toronto changea d'emplacement, de taille et de personnel, reflétant ainsi les pressions financières et organisationnelles.

Le financement du CNA n'était pas constant, dépendant de la politique du gouvernement fédéral. Le financement gouvernemental a permis au CNA de développer une infrastructure qui a permis une participation active mais coûteuse des régions (des femmes de toutes les provinces et de tous les territoires se rendaient chaque mois aux réunions et aux comités de travail). Cependant, la question de savoir s'il fallait accepter l'argent du gouvernement a toujours fait l'objet d'un débat au sein du CNA. D'une part, on faisait valoir que les femmes payaient des impôts et avaient le droit de voir l'argent des impôts redistribué pour promouvoir leurs objectifs et leurs droits. D'autre part, on a fait valoir que la NAC devait être totalement indépendante afin que le gouvernement ne puisse pas mettre fin à son mouvement. La NAC dépendait cependant fortement du financement fédéral, ce qui s'est avéré problématique au cours de ses dernières années d'existence. Le financement de base du CNA par le gouvernement a été réduit de moitié en 1988, ce qui a rendu les cotisations des membres et les campagnes de collecte de fonds essentielles à la survie du CNA. Dans les années 2000, le CNA est lentement devenu un défenseur politique féministe moins pertinent et a depuis complètement disparu de la politique canadienne (Collier, Cheryl, p.17).

Le CNA, à son apogée, a contribué à mettre les questions relatives aux femmes au premier plan du débat public. Lors de sa création en 1972, le CNA a identifié quatre questions prioritaires : le droit à l'avortement, la garde d'enfants, la couverture des femmes au foyer par le Régime de pensions du Canada et l'égalité des salaires. En 1975, l'Année internationale de la femme s'étend à l'égalité de rémunération pour un travail de valeur égale, à l'universalité des services de garde d'enfants, à l'accessibilité du contrôle des naissances, au droit à l'avortement, à la réforme du droit de la famille, aux droits à pension pour les femmes au foyer et aux droits des femmes autochtones. Lors des élections de 1984, les efforts de la NAC ont permis d'obtenir un débat télévisé national sans précédent sur les questions relatives aux femmes. Toujours au début des années 1980, en réaction aux coupes dans le budget fédéral des conservateurs, la campagne Back On Track a encouragé les femmes à exprimer leur désapprobation face à ces mesures préjudiciables visant à réduire le financement de groupes essentiels. En outre, le CNA a exercé des pressions pour obtenir des changements législatifs et sociaux, notamment l'article 32 (b) de la Loi sur les Indiens, les changements apportés à la Constitution en 1982 et l'égalité de rémunération pour un travail de valeur égale. D'autres comités importants ont été formés et ont travaillé sur des questions telles que la survie de la planète, les droits des lesbiennes, la justice, les femmes immigrées et les femmes appartenant à des minorités visibles. Lorsque, en vertu de la loi sur l'immigration, les domestiques, dont beaucoup venaient de Jamaïque, ont été expulsés après avoir perdu leur emploi, le CNA s'est battu avec succès pour empêcher ces expulsions. Les efforts des membres du CNA ont également été couronnés de succès pour obtenir, améliorer et maintenir l'assurance chômage pour les femmes, ainsi que les prestations de maternité et parentales, et pour ouvrir la voie à la mise en place d'une coalition de lutte contre le libre-échange. Le CNA a également apporté son soutien à plusieurs affaires juridiques importantes, notamment celle de Bonnie Robichaud, qui avait déposé une plainte pour harcèlement sexuel. La victoire de Bonnie Robichaud, qui a déclaré l'employeur responsable du harcèlement, a ouvert la voie à de nombreuses femmes. Le CNA a également soutenu Mary Pitawanakwat dans sa plainte pour discrimination raciale au sein du Secrétariat d'État. Il a joué un rôle important dans la victoire de Mary Pitawanakwat, qui a été réintégrée dans ses fonctions. Le début des années 90 a été marqué par l'affaire Chantal Daigle et le massacre de l'École polytechnique.

Bien que le CNA ne soit pas à l'abri des controverses ou des luttes internes, il réussit à représenter avec succès des centaines de groupes de femmes au Canada. Le CNA est devenu une voix importante pour les groupes de femmes au Canada dans les années 70 et 90, et a joué un rôle important dans la sensibilisation et la mise en œuvre de changements positifs pour les femmes au Canada. Le CNA a cessé d'exister à la fin des années 2000.

Rogers, Gerry

  • Persona
  • 1956 -
Gerry Rogers is a Canadian documentary filmmaker from Newfoundland. She was an independent film producer/director and founder of Augusta Productions in St. Johns.Prior to forming her own company, Gerry Rogers was Program Producer for Studio D's Federal Women's Film Program at the National Film Board of Canada. In 1997, she produced the internationally acclaimed and award-winning To A Safer Place, the first Canadian film to address the issue of incest and sexual abuse. She directed the NFB/CBC television special After the Montreal Massacre. She produced and directed the internationally award-winning The Vienna Tribunal. The Vienna Tribunal was released in the fall 1994.
Gerry Rogers is also involved in politics . She was leader of the Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party from 2018 until 2019. She served in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly as NDP MHA for the electoral district of St. John’s Centre from 2011 to 2019. She became the party's leader after winning the April 2018 leadership election. She resigned as party leader prior to the 2019 provincial election and did not seek re-election.
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Gerry Rogers est une documentariste canadienne originaire de Terre-Neuve. Avant de créer sa propre société, Gerry Rogers était productrice de programmes pour le Studio D's Federal Women's Film Program à l'Office national du film du Canada. En 1997, elle a produit To A Safer Place, le premier film canadien à aborder la question de l'inceste et des abus sexuels, qui a été acclamé et primé à l'échelle internationale. Elle a réalisé l'émission spéciale de l'ONF/CBC After the Montreal Massacre. Elle a produit et réalisé le film The Vienna Tribunal, primé à l'échelle internationale. Le Tribunal de Vienne est sorti à l'automne 1994.
Gerry Rogers est également impliquée dans la politique. Elle a été chef du Nouveau Parti démocratique de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador de 2018 à 2019. Elle a siégé à la Chambre d'assemblée de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador en tant que députée du NPD pour la circonscription électorale de St. John's Centre de 2011 à 2019. Elle est devenue chef du parti après avoir remporté l'élection à la direction du parti en avril 2018. Elle a démissionné de son poste de chef de parti avant les élections provinciales de 2019 et n'a pas cherché à se faire réélire.

Kellerman, Maureen

  • Persona
  • 1957-2012
Maureen Elizabeth Kellerman completed a BA in Canadian Studies at Carleton University and devoted her life to supporting young families at the local and national levels. She worked for Canadian Association of Family Resource Centres, and Canadian/Military Family Resource Centres. Educator, activist, and leader, Maureen founded Mothers Are Women (MAW) in 1984, and was a key organizer for the legalization of midwifery in Ontario during the 1990s.
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Maureen Elizabeth Kellerman a obtenu une licence en études canadiennes à l'université de Carleton et a consacré sa vie à soutenir les jeunes familles aux niveaux local et national. Elle a travaillé pour l'Association canadienne des centres de ressources familiales et pour les centres de ressources familiales canadiens et militaires. Éducatrice, activiste et leader, Maureen a fondé Mothers Are Women (MAW) en 1984 et a été l'une des principales organisatrices de la légalisation de la profession de sage-femme en Ontario dans les années 1990.

Midwifery Task Force of Ontario

  • Entidad colectiva
  • 1983-1993
In June 1983, a small group of midwives, consumers, health care providers and other supporters of midwifery met to discuss the status of midwifery in Ontario. Historically, Ontario had a tradition of lay midwives who attended the births of family, friends and neighbours. This tradition of community midwifery began to decline around the turn of the century until, by the 1950s, midwifery had all but disappeared in Ontario. In the 1970s, the practice of midwifery began to re-emerge and was influenced by the natural childbirth movement principles that pregnancy and birth are normal, healthy, family events and that pregnant women themselves should be the primary decision makers about the health care they receive.
Subsequently, the Midwifery Task Force of Ontario (MFT-O), a community-based lobby group, was established to promote legislation and recognition of midwifery. Around the same time, the association of practicing midwives (Ontario Association of Midwives) and nurse-midwives association (Ontario Nurse-Midwives Association) joined together to form the Association of Ontario Midwives (AOM). The MTF-O gained support from women and their families seeking an alternative to the medical model of childbirth and maternity care. Over the next several years, the AOM and the MTF-O worked together to advocate the creation of midwifery as a recognized profession. This culminated in Bill 56, the Midwifery Act which was passed on December 31, 1993 making Ontario the first province in Canada to recognize, regulate and fund midwifery as part of the health care system.
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En juin 1983, un petit groupe de sage-femmes, et de fournisseurs de soins de santé et d'autres partisans de la profession de sage-femme se sont réunis pour discuter du statut de la profession de sage-femme en Ontario. Historiquement, l'Ontario avait une tradition de sage-femmes laïques qui assistaient aux naissances des membres de leur famille, de leurs amis et de leurs voisins. Cette tradition de sage-femme communautaire a commencé à décliner au tournant du siècle jusqu'à ce que, dans les années 1950, la profession de sage-femme ait pratiquement disparu en Ontario. Dans les années 1970, la pratique des sage-femmes a commencé à réapparaître, influencée par les principes du mouvement en faveur de l'accouchement naturel, selon lesquels la grossesse et l'accouchement sont des événements familiaux normaux et sains, et les femmes enceintes elles-mêmes devraient être les premières à décider des soins de santé qu'elles reçoivent.
Par la suite, le Midwifery Task Force of Ontario (MFT-O), un groupe de pression communautaire, a été créé pour promouvoir la législation et la reconnaissance de la profession de sage-femme. À peu près à la même époque, l'association des sage-femmes en exercice (Ontario Association of Midwives) et l'association des infirmières sage-femmes (Ontario Nurse-Midwives Association) se sont regroupées pour former l'Association des sage-femmes de l'Ontario (AOM). L'AOM a reçu le soutien de femmes et de leurs familles qui cherchaient une alternative au modèle médical d'accouchement et de soins de maternité. Au cours des années suivantes, l'AOM et la MTF-O ont travaillé ensemble pour promouvoir la création de la profession de sage-femme en tant que profession reconnue. Ces efforts ont abouti au projet de loi 56, la Loi sur les sages-femmes, qui a été adoptée le 31 décembre 1993, faisant de l'Ontario la première province canadienne à reconnaître, réglementer et financer la profession de sage-femme dans le cadre du système de soins de santé.

Martin, Fern

  • Persona
  • [195?-]
Born in Canada, Fern Martin dedicated 26 years of service at Lanark County Interval House, supporting women and children facing domestic violence and abuse. In 1996, she was honored with the YWCA “Woman of Distinction” award for her relentless efforts to combat violence against women and published her book, “A Narrow Doorway,” the same year. Martin is renowned for her columns addressing sexual violence, abuse, and harassment, including the controversial 1994 Georgie Porgie series. Her writing also shed light on tragic instances of women lost to male violence, raising critical awareness. Alongside her writing, Martin has served as a crisis counsellor at Lanark County Interval House since 1979 and has creatively engaged in activism through collaborations with artists at “Artsfusion” and designing t-shirts for Pakenham Rural Route that celebrate the women’s movement. While retiring from Lanark County Interval House in 2005, she continues to passionately advocate for and support women facing violence.

Johnson, Donna F.

  • Persona
  • [195?-]

Donna J. Johnson dedicates her life to advocating for women. Her deep-rooted passion for uniting women in supportive groups is evident through her extensive career. From 1986 to 2002, Johnson worked at Lanark County Interval House, where she provided crucial support to women facing domestic violence.

In 1990, she co-founded "Women's Urgent Action," a feminist group based in Ottawa, which highlights her commitment to feminist activism. Her feminist perspective has led to the creation of significant works such as "Waking Up the Dissident: Transforming Lives (and Society) with Feminist Counselling" (2020). Additionally, her 1998 conference talk, "How One Canadian Community is Responding to the Murder of Women," was presented at the International Conference on Family Violence, and she has contributed numerous articles to the Ottawa Citizen.

Following the tragic 1989 Polytechnique shooting, Johnson inspired the establishment of The Ottawa Women's Monument, which stands in Minto Park, Ottawa, as a tribute to the victims of male violence.

Donna J. Johnson is a faculty member at the Feminist Institute of Social Transformation at Carleton University in Ottawa. She continues her work in raising awareness and combating violence against women, hoping for a better future for women.

Dickson, Brian

  • Persona
  • 1916-1998
Robert George Brian Dickson was born in Yorkton, Saskatchewan, on May 25, 1916. He was the son of Thomas Dickson and Sarah Elizabeth Gibson. After his family moved to Winnipeg, he attended the University of Manitoba and graduated with an LL.B. in 1938. He worked for two years in the investment department of the Great-West Life Assurance Company, then was called to the bar in 1940. Before practising law, he enlisted in the armed forces during the Second World War and served overseas, where he was severely wounded in 1944. Upon his return to Winnipeg in 1945, he joined the law firm of Aikins, Loftus, MacAulay, Turner, Thompson & Tritschler. He also lectured at the Faculty of Law of the University of Manitoba for six years, until 1954. In 1963 he was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba and four years later was elevated to the Manitoba Court of Appeal. He was appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada on March 26, 1973 and became its chief justice on April 18, 1984. He served on the Supreme Court for 17 years before retiring on June 30, 1990. Chief Justice Dickson died on October 17, 1998, at the age of 82.

Clayton-Bieler, Zoë

  • Persona
  • 1915-1991

From daughter, Caroline Bieler Brettell:

“ Zoë Winifred Browne-Clayton, the daughter of Lionel Denis Browne-Clayton (1874-1946) and Winifred Constance Bell (1880-1938), was born in Okanagan Mission, a small orcharding community near Kelowna, BC, in 1915. Shortly after her birth, her father enlisted with the British military in the First World War, and Zoe and her mother crossed the Atlantic to live with her grandparents in her mother's home in Oxfordshire, England. In 1917, her brother Robert was born, and in December 1919 the family returned to Okanagan Mission. There, they established an orchard on the 20 acres Lionel had purchased in 1912. According to her biographer daughter, Caroline Brettell, Zoe and her brother enjoyed a relatively idyllic upbringing in the peaceful Okanagan Valley, which she wrote about in The Montreal Star (11 July 1973). Zoe attended high school in Kelowna, graduating in 1932, and was one of the few students to continue on to university, mostly at the urging of her mother. In the autumn of 1932, Zoe entered the University of British Columbia, in Vancouver, where she immediately became involved in the university student newspaper, The Ubyssey.
Zoe's journalistic dreams were solidified by her success at The Ubyssey. Shortly after joining the paper in 1932, she was an editor: in the 1933-34 school year she became assistant editor; in 1934-35 senior editor; in 1935-36 news manager; and in her final year, 1936-37, editor-in-chief. In 1934, she interviewed Aimee Semple-McPherson for the paper; her probing questions were predictive of her future as a journalist of intelligence and integrity.
Zoe earned her BSc in agricultural economics in 1936, delaying her graduation for a year to earn her BA and to serve as editor-in-chief for The Ubyssey. After graduation she returned to the Okanagan Mission to help take care of her mother, who had been diagnosed with terminal cancer. After her mother died in June 1938, Zoe travelled to Europe, where she experienced first-hand the rising political tensions that led to the Second World War. Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939; on 15 September 1939, at the urging of her relatives, Zoe sailed for Canada, arriving safely in Okanagan Mission in late September. Unable to find a position as a journalist, Zoe found work as an advertising copywriter for the Hudson's Bay Company in Vancouver, BC. In the summer of 1941, she moved to Toronto where she worked as an advertising copywriter for Eaton's department store for three months. She then secured a position with the Wartime Prices and Trade Board, and moved to Ottawa, ON, where she met Jacques Bieler, an engineer working for the Department of Munitions and Supply. A year later, the couple were married by Jacques's clergyman father, in Lost River, QC.
In 1943, Jacques's job took them to Montreal, where Zoe was hired by the Montreal Standard. Women's roles in journalism were somewhat curtailed after the war, but Zoe managed to carve a space for herself, working alongside journalists such as Mavis Gallant and Dorothy Sangster. In 1949, Zoe and Jacques adopted a baby boy—Brian Charles—who was joined the following June by their biological daughter, Zoe Caroline. Zoe then turned to freelance writing. In 1954, both children began pre-school, leaving Zoe free to accept a position as a full-time feature reporter at the Montreal Star.
By 1957, Zoe's dedication and journalistic ability were recognized when she became editor of the women's pages for the Montreal Star; no woman had previously held this post. For many years it was her section of the newspaper that generated the most advertising revenue. Zoe remained in this position for eleven years; in 1969, though, the hierarchy at the Star changed, and the work atmosphere along with it. Zoe's interest in science enabled her to take a job as medical reporter at an advantageous historical moment—the national health insurance plan was being developed at that time—and during this period she saw some of her stories make the front pages of the paper and win several awards. Her feminism informed her insightful investigations into significant social issues such as child abuse, alcoholism, abortion, birth control and infertility, drug addiction, and the role of women in the army and the business world.
Like her father, Zoe was active in socialist politics. In the early 1970s, she was a member of the negotiating committee for the Newspaper Guild, and later elected to the executive. The Guild was involved in the negotiations during strike action in 1975 that was resolved after two months. Strike action by the Montreal Newspaper Printing Pressmen's Union in 1978, however, shut down the Star for eight months, and it never recovered. The company folded in August 1979, and Zoe, like many others, was without a job. At 64 years of age, after over 25 years of service, her severance package amounted to a decent retirement fund. She retired, but did not stop writing, working as a freelance writer for the Canadian Medical Association Journal; in 1980, as well, she was commissioned by Positive Action to prepare a report on English-language education in Quebec. At 66, she was offered the job of editor of the People section of the Montreal Gazette. She found The Gazette chaotic and the job frustrating. She retired and ceased freelance writing by the mid-1980s. In 1988, she was diagnosed with cancer; she died in September of 1991.”

Zoe's husband was the youngest brother of Québec muralist, Andre Bieler.
When she moved to Montreal, after marrying, she worked with the [Montreal] Standard: one of her colleagues was Mavis Gallant.

News clippings that were in articles are from offices of the Montreal Star, which she rescued.

Robert, Bernard-Paul

  • Persona
  • 1925-1979

Bernard-Paul Robert est né le 27 février 1925 à Saint-Aubin (France). Il est le fils de Charles Robert, un négociant, et de Juliette Mariet. Il fait des études classiques à l’École Saint-Bernard à Flavigny-sur Ozerain (France) et au Collège Notre-Dame-de-Mont-Roland à Avignon (France). Parallèlement à ses études, il occupe les postes de répétiteur et de maître d’internat aux collèges Notre-Dame-de-Mont-Roland et St-Joseph à Avignon. De 1949 à 1950, Bernard-Paul Robert complète un baccalauréat en Lettres classiques et philosophie à la Faculté des Lettres de l’Université de Dijon, Bourgogne (France). Pendant deux ans, il est employé à la Société général Banque-Meulan jusqu’à son départ pour le Canada en 1952.

Lorsqu’il arrive à Montréal (Québec) en 1952, Bernard-Paul Robert obtient un poste d’enseignant à temps-partiel au Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf pendant qu’il complète une maîtrise et un doctorat en Lettres à l’Université de Montréal. À la fin de ses études en 1957, Bernard-Paul Robert déménage à Ottawa (Ontario) où il devient professeur à la Faculté des arts de l’Université d’Ottawa, poste qu’il occupe jusqu’en 1961. Cette année-là, il s’installe à Montréal où il enseignera à la Faculté des lettres pendant an. En 1962, il devient professeur au Département de français de l’Université de Sherbrooke dont il est nommé directeur en 1963. L’année suivante, il obtient un rang de professeur agrégé en français à l’Université d’Ottawa avant de devenir professeur titulaire en 1968, poste qu’il occupera le reste de sa carrière.

En plus de son travail académique, Bernard-Paul Robert a rédigé des articles dans de nombreuses publications dont le quotidien franco-ontarien Le Droit, La revue de l’Université d’Ottawa et La revue de l’Université de Sherbrooke. Il a également publié plusieurs ouvrages sur le symbolisme, sur Charles Baudelaire et sur le surréalisme dont Baudelaire et les forces psychiques, Le surréalisme désocculté : Manifeste du surréalisme et Henriette Charasson et Paul Claudel, résultat d’une thèse de doctorat mené parallèlement à son travail d’enseignant et soutenue à la Sorbonne. Bernard-Paul Robert est également l’auteur un recueil de poésie Petits poèmes en mauve.

Bernard-Paul Robert est décédé à Ottawa le 1er juin 1979. Il avait épousé Hélène Brulé avec qui il avait eu deux filles : Catherine et Françoise.

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